MANUAL MINORS
Elbow fractures involve one or more of the bones that form the elbow joint: the distal humerus, the proximal radius, or the olecranon of the ulna. These fractures may result from falls onto the elbow or outstretched hand, sports accidents, or direct trauma. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, visible deformity in the elbow, limited or inability to move the arm, and in some cases, neurovascular damage.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on the trauma history, physical examination (showing swelling, pain, and deformity), and imaging studies. X-rays of the elbow in different views are essential to identify the fracture and its extent. In complex or displaced fractures, a CT scan may be required to plan surgical treatment.
Differential Diagnosis
Condition | Distinctive Characteristics |
|---|---|
Elbow dislocation | Visible deformity without bone fracture, joint instability. |
Elbow sprain | Pain without visible fractures on X-rays, usually following a stretch or twist. |
Monteggia fracture | Ulna fracture with radial head dislocation, affecting the elbow. |
Radial head fracture | Localised pain on the lateral side of the elbow, limited forearm rotation. |
Emergency Management
Emergency management includes immobilising the affected elbow with a splint or sling to prevent movement and avoid further damage. Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are administered to relieve pain and swelling. In fractures with significant deformity or neurovascular compromise, urgent reduction under anaesthesia may be required.
Definitive Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the fracture. Non-displaced fractures may be treated conservatively with immobilisation for 3 to 6 weeks. Displaced or complex fractures require open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws. Afterward, rehabilitation with physiotherapy is essential to restore mobility, strength, and elbow function.
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