Introduction to Acute Cerebrovascular Accident (ACVA)

CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL

Acute Cerebrovascular Accident (ACVA), commonly known as a stroke, is a serious medical condition characterised by the sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain. This interruption can be caused by a blockage (ischaemia) or by the rupture (haemorrhage) of a blood vessel, depriving brain cells of essential oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death. Early recognition and prompt medical intervention are crucial to minimise brain damage and improve patient outcomes.

Symptoms and Clinical Signs	Suspected Diagnosis	Confirmed Diagnosis
Weakness or unilateral paralysis	Presence of weakness or absence of movement on one side of the body suggests ACVA.	Confirmed by CT or MRI imaging showing ischaemia or haemorrhage in specific areas of the brain.
Difficulty in speaking (dysarthria or aphasia)	ACVA suspected if there is a sudden alteration in speech or comprehension.	Diagnosis confirmed through MRI or CT imaging showing lesions in the language areas of the brain.
Disorientation or confusion	ACVA suspected with an abrupt change in mental state.	Confirmation through brain imaging revealing ischaemia or haemorrhage.
Visual problems	ACVA suspected in cases of sudden vision loss or double vision.	Confirmation through imaging studies showing involvement of visual areas of the brain.
Sudden and intense headache	ACVA suspected, especially if it is haemorrhagic in nature, with this predominant symptom.	Confirmed by CT imaging showing the presence of blood in or around the brain.
Vertigo or imbalance	ACVA suspected when vertigo has a sudden onset and is accompanied by other neurological symptoms.	Confirmatory diagnosis with MRI or CT showing involvement of the cerebellum or other structures related to balance.