MANUAL MINORS
Jellyfish stings occur when the animal’s tentacles release toxins through stinging cells called nematocysts. These stings cause an immediate reaction with sharp pain, redness, swelling, and, in some cases, systemic symptoms like nausea, breathing difficulty, or even shock. The severity of the sting depends on the jellyfish species, the amount of skin affected, and the patient’s sensitivity.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure to seawater and contact with a jellyfish, along with the appearance of a linear, red rash with swelling and intense pain at the sting site. Stinging lesions may appear as “lines” or “tracks.” In severe cases, patients may experience systemic symptoms such as dizziness, headache, difficulty breathing, or chest pain, suggesting a widespread toxic reaction.
Differential Diagnosis
Condition | Key Difference |
|---|---|
Anemone sting | May cause a similar stinging reaction but is less painful and usually doesn’t cause systemic symptoms. |
Scorpionfish sting | Produces a deeper wound with intense localised pain, and the envenomation is more toxic. |
Contact dermatitis | Inflammatory skin reaction without a history of jellyfish or seawater contact. |
Sunburn | Generalised redness and pain from sun exposure, without direct jellyfish contact. |
Emergency Management
Initial management includes carefully removing any visible tentacles using gloves or tweezers, avoiding direct contact with the skin. The affected area should be rinsed with seawater (not freshwater, which can activate more nematocysts).
To relieve pain and neutralise toxins, vinegar or a 5% acetic acid solution should be applied. Immersion in hot water (42-45°C) for 20-45 minutes can help reduce pain. Oral analgesics and antihistamines should be administered to control pain and allergic reactions.
Definitive Treatment
Definitive treatment includes symptomatic management with analgesics and antihistamines. If there are signs of secondary infection, topical or systemic antibiotics may be prescribed.
In severe cases with systemic symptoms, such as breathing difficulties, chest pain, or shock, emergency treatment with oxygen, intravenous fluids, and monitoring in a hospital setting is required.
Patients with severe or allergic reactions should be observed and treated with adrenaline if there are signs of anaphylaxis. Follow-up care includes monitoring for complications like skin necrosis or permanent scarring.
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