MANUAL MINORS
Calf injuries are common among athletes and can range from simple muscle strains to severe tears or Achilles tendon rupture. The most common causes include direct trauma, overuse, or sudden movements that exceed the capacity of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the main muscles of the region. Symptoms include localised pain, swelling, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on medical history, the mechanism of injury, and physical examination. Pain, muscle weakness, and signs of rupture, such as a palpable “gap” in the case of severe tears, are assessed. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help to evaluate the extent of the injury.
Differential Diagnosis
Condition | Key Features |
|---|---|
Deep vein thrombosis | Calf pain with oedema, warmth, and redness; risk increased after prolonged immobilisation. |
Intermittent claudication | Calf pain during exercise, relieved by rest, caused by vascular problems. |
Compartment syndrome | Severe pain, swelling, and decreased distal pulse, caused by increased pressure in the muscle compartment. |
Achilles tendon rupture | Sudden and severe pain, sensation of a “whiplash” effect, and difficulty with plantar flexion. |
Emergency Management
Assess the severity of the injury through inspection and palpation.Apply the RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) during the first 48 hours.If there is suspicion of a complete tendon rupture or severe tear, immobilise the limb.Evaluate for signs of complications such as compartment syndrome or deep vein thrombosis.
Definitive Treatment
Depending on the severity of the injury, treatment may include physiotherapy for minor injuries, while complete tears or Achilles tendon ruptures often require surgery followed by intensive rehabilitation.
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