CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL
A mid-systolic murmur is an abnormal heart sound heard during the middle phase of systole when the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood into the main arteries. This type of murmur indicates turbulence in blood flow through the heart valves or major vessels. Identifying and evaluating mid-systolic murmurs is essential for diagnosing various cardiac and vascular pathologies that may have significant clinical implications.
Pathology | Suspected Diagnosis | Confirmatory Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
Aortic stenosis | Dyspnoea, chest pain, syncope, systolic murmur at the aortic area. | Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray. |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Dyspnoea, palpitations, syncope, systolic murmur that increases with Valsalva. | Echocardiogram, ECG, cardiac MRI (CMR). |
Aortic sclerosis | Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur, aging, aortic valve calcification. | Echocardiogram, chest X-ray, ECG. |
High pulmonary flow | Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur, pulmonary hypertension. | Echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray. |
Atrial septal defect | Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur at the pulmonary area, cyanosis. | Echocardiogram, ECG, cardiac catheterisation. |
Pulmonary stenosis | Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur at the pulmonary area, cyanosis. | Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray. |
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