Mid-Systolic Murmur

CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL

A mid-systolic murmur is an abnormal heart sound heard during the middle phase of systole when the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood into the main arteries. This type of murmur indicates turbulence in blood flow through the heart valves or major vessels. Identifying and evaluating mid-systolic murmurs is essential for diagnosing various cardiac and vascular pathologies that may have significant clinical implications.

Pathology	Suspected Diagnosis	Confirmatory Diagnosis
Aortic stenosis	Dyspnoea, chest pain, syncope, systolic murmur at the aortic area.	Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Dyspnoea, palpitations, syncope, systolic murmur that increases with Valsalva.	Echocardiogram, ECG, cardiac MRI (CMR).
Aortic sclerosis	Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur, aging, aortic valve calcification.	Echocardiogram, chest X-ray, ECG.
High pulmonary flow	Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur, pulmonary hypertension.	Echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray.
Atrial septal defect	Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur at the pulmonary area, cyanosis.	Echocardiogram, ECG, cardiac catheterisation.
Pulmonary stenosis	Dyspnoea, fatigue, systolic murmur at the pulmonary area, cyanosis.	Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray.