MANUAL MINORS
The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body, susceptible to various injuries and conditions due to its role in bearing weight and enabling movement. Knee problems can be caused by acute trauma, overuse, or degenerative processes, affecting bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, or bursae. Typical symptoms include pain, swelling, instability, and difficulty moving the knee.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of knee problems depends on a careful medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies. Clinical evaluation includes stability tests, palpation of painful structures, and observation of range of motion. X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasounds are key to assessing structural damage.
Differential Diagnosis
Condition | Key Differentiation |
|---|---|
Knee Osteoarthritis | Chronic pain, morning stiffness, worsens with exercise, radiological signs of wear |
Patellar Tendinitis | Anterior pain below the kneecap, especially with physical activity |
Prepatellar Bursitis | Swelling at the front of the knee, without instability |
Meniscal Injury | Pain along the joint line, knee locking, clicking sounds |
Iliotibial Band Syndrome | Lateral knee pain, especially during running or repetitive activities |
Patellar Fracture | Severe pain following direct trauma, confirmed by X-ray |
Emergency Management
In emergencies, the management of knee problems involves pain relief, reducing inflammation, and stabilising the joint if there is a risk of further damage. Rest, ice application, compression with an elastic bandage, and elevation of the affected leg (RICE protocol) are recommended.
Analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered according to the severity of the pain. In cases of instability or suspected fracture, the joint may be immobilised, and the patient should be referred to orthopaedics for further evaluation.
Definitive Treatment
Definitive treatment varies depending on the specific diagnosis. In conditions such as osteoarthritis or tendinitis, conservative therapies such as physiotherapy, muscle strengthening, steroid or hyaluronic acid injections, and changes in physical activity may be used. For severe traumatic injuries such as fractures or ligament tears, surgical treatment is often required, followed by intensive rehabilitation.
Comments